Mindfulness and acceptance

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Over the past two decades, a great deal of new scientific research has demonstrated the benefits of mindfulness. Rooted in eastern thought, mindfulness combines awareness of our present experience with a nonjudgmental, accepting stance toward that experience. More concretely, this means noticing thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and external events as they occur and approaching them with an objective and balanced perspective.

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How do we learn mindfulness?

For most people, mindfulness represents a different way of looking at the world and is better understood through practice. As a result, practice exercises are important components of learning. Exercises include meditations such as focusing on the breath, mindfully noting thoughts, and mentally scanning the body with attention to physical sensations. These help us build awareness of habitual tendencies, recognize fleeting thoughts and judgments for what they are, and develop the ability to identify in-the-moment when we are not acting in our best interests. Mindfulness exercises are not mystical or religious. There is a strong body of scientific evidence attesting to their effectiveness for a variety of complaints.

Who can benefit from mindfulness?

Research has shown mindfulness-based therapies can benefit multiple types of clients, including those with stress and anxiety, current depression, depression or bipolar disorder in remission, numerous medical conditions, and chronic pain, to name a few (see Mindfulness by Treatment Target below).

How does AICT use mindfulness?

Interested clients can specifically request to learn about mindfulness. Several of our therapists have written or presented on mindfulness and integrate mindfulness into their therapeutic.

How is mindfulness different?

When we experience negative things, we often try to ignore them or avoid them. Or we might re-examine something over and over and over again in the hopes of putting it to rest for good. These approaches make sense. Unfortunately, they often do not work, and the unintended side effects of our “cure” can cause more trouble. When ignored, negative events or internal sensations often grow insidiously. When we excessively try to avoid unpleasantness, we risk narrowing our lives, and convincing ourselves that we are weaker than we are. By regurgitating the past and obsessing about the ways we wish today were different, we may miss the opportunities we have right now. Instead of focusing our resources on trying to change circumstances beyond our control, mindfulness helps us maintain perspective, remain resilient to pain, and respond effectively.

Is mindful acceptance the same thing as resignation?

No. Mindfulness does not mean becoming passive, giving up, denying that we have preferences, or viewing the world through rose-colored glasses. Instead, by learning a different way to relate with our thoughts, feelings, and negative events, we become BETTER equipped to improve our circumstances.

Resources on Mindfulness

 Clients:

Mindfulness in the News  |  Guided Audio Meditations   |  Chapters on Learning Mindfulness |  Mindfulness by Treatment Target

 Practitioners/ Researchers:

Publications and Presentations by AICT Staff |  Chapters on Mindfulness in Clinical Practice and Research  | Books |Journal Articles | Helpful Links

Mindfulness in the News

The mindful way through depression  (Zindel Segal at TEDxUTSC) Meditation sessions a hit in dysfunctional Congress  (NY Post; Oct 25th 2014) Google’s head of mindfulness: ‘goodness is good for business’  (The Guardian; May 14th 2104) Developing mindful leaders for the c-suite (Harvard Business Review; Mar 10th 2014) Mindfulness: The Seattle Seahawk’s sports psychologist shares why it matters (Huffington Post; Mar 5th 2014) Meditation pays off for these high-profile names (CNBC; Feb 12th 2014) A little meditating helps you make better business decisions  (Harvard Business Review; Jan 23rd 2014) Ray Dalio, hedge fund genius, says meditation is secret to his success  (International Business Times; Nov 12th 2013) Mindfulness: Getting its share of attention (New York Times; Nov 1st 2013) Mindfulness in legal practice is going mainstream (ABA Journal; Feb 1st 2013) Guided Audio Meditations Meditations on the Breath Breathing Meditation  (5 mins; UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center) Awareness of Breath Meditation  (15 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) Mindfulness of Breathing  (16 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Breathing Mindfulness  (9 mins; Living Well) Alternate Nostril Breathing  (4 mins; Living Well) Meditations on the Body Body Scan  (3 mins; UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center) Body Scan  (10 mins; Elisha Goldstein, Ph.D.) Body Scan  (14 mins; Living Well) Body Scan  (20 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) Body Scan  (45 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) Mindfulness of Physical Discomfort  (7 mins; Living Well) Mindfulness Meditation of the Body and Breath (8 mins; Mindfulness: Finding Peace in a Frantic World) Body Scan for Sleep  (12 mins; UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center) Mindfulness of Body Sensations  (19 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Meditations on Thoughts and Feelings Three Minute Breathing Space (3 mins; Oxford Mindfulness Centre) Three Minute Breathing Space (3 mins; Mindfulness: Finding Peace in a Frantic World) Mindfulness of Thoughts  (8 mins; Living Well) Thoughts Sensations and Emotions  (10 mins; Living Well) Mindfulness of Emotion in the Body  (12 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Mindfulness of Difficult Thoughts  (5 mins; Living Well) Labeling Emotions  (11 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Meditations on Sound and the External World Body and Sound Meditation  (3 mins; UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center) Mindfulness of Sound  (6 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Sounds and Thoughts Meditation  (8 mins; Mindfulness: Finding Peace in a Frantic World) Breath and Sound Meditation  (10 mins; Contemplative Mind in Society) Breath, Sound, Body Meditation  (12 mins; UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center) Mindfulness of the External World  (8 mins; Living Well) External world and Breath  (8 mins; Living Well) Meditations on Actions Walking Mindfulness  (8 mins; Living Well) The Chocolate Meditation (5 mins; Mindfulness: Finding Peace in a Frantic World) Eating Mindfulness  (6 mins; Living Well) Compassionate Walking  (11 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Mindful Movement Meditation  (15 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) Meditations on Compassion and Self-Compassion Loving-Kindness Meditation  (9 mins; UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center) Loving-Kindness Meditation (10 mins; Contemplative Mind in Society) Loving-Kindness Meditation  (15 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) Loving-Kindness for Beginners  (20 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Loving-Kindness for the Difficult Person  (27 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Loving-Kindness for the Benefactor  (20 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Waiting on Yourself  (5 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Compassion Mindfulness  (8 mins; Living Well) Compassionate Image Meditation  (20 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Mindful Self-Compassion Meditation  (20 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Compassionate Breathing  (20 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Self-Compassion Meditation  (21 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Breathing Compassion In and Out  (21 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Loving-Kindness for Yourself  (23 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Other Meditations Bare Attention Meditation  (5 mins; Contemplative Mind in Society) Silent Meditation  (5-30 mins; Mindfulness: Finding Peace in a Frantic World) Seated Meditation  (20 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) Seated Meditation  (45 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) Mountain Meditation  (6 mins; Living Well) Mountain Meditation  (15 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) Meditation for Working with Difficulties  (7 mins; UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center) Empty Bowl Meditation  (7 mins; Living Well) Introduction to the 4-Part Bell Sound Practice  (5 mins; Contemplative Mind in Society) The 4-Part Bell Sound Practice  (10 mins; Contemplative Mind in Society) Introduction to Mindfulness  (10 mins; Living Well) Wisdom Meditation  (10 mins; UCSD Center for Mindfulness) The Befriending Meditation  (10 mins; Mindfulness: Finding Peace in a Frantic World) Soften, Soothe, and Allow  (14 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Centering Meditation  (15 mins; Christopher Germer, Ph.D.) Complete Meditation Instructions  (19 mins; UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center)

Chapter Excerpts on Learning Mindfulness

The Mindful Way through Anxiety: Break Free from Chronic Worry and Reclaim Your Life by Susan M. Orsillo and Lizabeth Roemer The Mindfulness Solution: Everyday Practices for Everyday Problems by Ronald D. Siegel These excerpts are posted with permission of Guilford Publications, Inc. and are subject to copyright law and restricted from further use. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission of the publisher. To obtain permission please contact Guilford Publications, Inc. at the address below or e-mail: permissions@guilford.com. These books may be ordered directly from Guilford Publishing at http://www.Guilford.com.

Evidence for Mindfulness by Specific Treatment Target

Depression

In a comprehensive review of studies examining mindfulness-based therapies, clients with anxiety and depressive disorders were shown to exhibit large improvements in depressive symptoms following treatment (Hofmann et al., 2010). In addition, two reviews of studies testing Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy concluded that it successfully reduced risk of depressive relapse in clients with multiple depressive episodes (Chiesa & Serretti, 2011; Piet & Hougaard, 2011).

Anxiety

Reviews spanning several treatment outcome studies found that mindfulness-based therapies improved symptoms of anxiety (Hofmann et al., 2010; Woodruff et al., 2014).  Specific studies have also found mindfulness treatments to improve anxiety for clients with generalized anxiety (e.g., Craigie et al. 2008), social anxiety (e.g., Kocovski et al., 2013), obsessive-compulsive disorder (e.g., Twohig et al., 2010), post-traumatic stress disorder (e.g., King et al., 2013), and panic (e.g., Kim et al., 2010).

Substance Abuse

A systematic review of substance abuse studies found that mindfulness-based therapies reduced abuse of a variety of substances, including alcohol, tobacco, and several illegal drugs (Chiesa & Serretti, 2014).

Eating disorders

A systematic review of studies testing mindfulness-based therapies found that, overall, clients experienced reductions in binge-eating following treatment (Godfrey et al., 2014).  Preliminary studies have suggested that mindfulness may help in the treatment of bulimia and anorexia (Rodriguez et al., 2014).

AICT staff members have written and participated in multiple publications and presentations about mindfulness.

List of Publications and Presentations on Mindfulness by AICT Staff

Woodruff, S. C., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., & Hindman, R. K. (2014).  Mindfulness and anxiety.  In A. Ie, C. T. Ngnoumen, & E. J. Langer (Eds.), Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Woodruff, S. C., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., Crowley, K. J., Hindman, R. K., & Hirschhorn, E. W. (2014). Comparing self-compassion, mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility as predictors of psychological health. Mindfulness.

Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., Woodruff, S.C., Maron, D. D., McMorran, K. E., Monahan, M. F., & Hirschhorn, E. W. (2013). Integrating mindfulness into different approaches to psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 48, 6-11.

Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D. D., & Melwani, P. S. (2012). Processes underlying depression: Risk aversion, emotional schemas, and psychological flexibility. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 362–379.

Tirch, D. D., Leahy, R. L., Silberstein, L. R., & Melwani, P. S. (2012). Emotional schemas, psychological flexibility, and anxiety: The role of flexible response patterns to anxious arousal. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 380–391.

Silberstein, L. R., Tirch, D. D., Leahy, R. L., & McGinn, L. (2012). Mindfulness, psychological flexibility and emotional schemas. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5, 406–419.

Woodruff, S. C., Glass, C.R., Arnkoff, D.B., Webb, M.E., & Noble, K.K. (2014, November). The effects of mindfulness and acceptance-based interventions and cognitive-behavioral interventions on positive and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Philadelphia, PA.

Fisher, P., Hollon, S., Leahy, R. L., Wells, A., & Zettle, R. (April, 2013). Round table discussion: The distinctive features of CBT, MCT and ACT/Mindfulness. International Conference of Metacognitive Therapy, Manchester, UK.

Tirch, D. D., Irons, C., Leahy, R. L., Henderson, L., Warren, R. & Kolts, R. (2012). An introduction to Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT): Clinical applications of compassion and mindfulness in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, National Harbor, MD.

Woodruff, S. C., Crowley, K. J., Steven-Wheeler, M. S., Hindman, R. K., Hirschhorn, E. W., Severino, R. C. . . . Glass, C. R. (2012, November). Affectivity and psychological inflexibility as mediators of mindfulness:  Analyzing two transdiagnostic models of psychopathology. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, National Harbor, MD.

Woodruff, S. C., Crowley, K. J., Hindman, R. K., Hirschhorn, E. W., Glass, C. R., Arnkoff, D. B., & Kulish, A. L. (2011, November). Comparing self-compassion, mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility as predictors of psychological health. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Toronto, Canada.

Crowley, K. J., Woodruff, S. C., Hindman, R. K., Hirschhorn, E. W., Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., & Smith, J. K. (2011, November). Differential relationships between aspects of mindfulness, depressive symptomatology, and anxiety. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Toronto, Canada.

Woodruff, S. C., Crowley, K. J., Hindman, R. K., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2010, November). Speech anxiety following a mindfulness-based intervention for public speaking. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, San Francisco, CA.

Leahy, R. L. (Chair) (2009, November) Experiential and cognitive processes in anxiety: The role of acceptance, mindfulness, meta-cognition and emotional schemas. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.

Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D. D., & Napolitano, L. A. (2009, November). Meta-cognitive and meta-emotional processes affecting anxiety. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.

Tirch, D. D., Leahy, R. L., & Silberstein, L. (2009, November). Relationships among emotional schemas, psychological flexibility, dispositional mindfulness, and emotion regulation.  Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.

Napolitano, L. A., Taitz, J., & Leahy, R. L. (2009, November). Do changes in negative beliefs about emotions mediate the effects of mindfulness on experiential avoidance? Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.

Napolitano, L. A., Taitz, J., & Leahy, R. L. (2009, November). Negative beliefs about emotions mediate the relationship between mindfulness and experiential avoidance: Two preliminary investigations. Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, New York, NY.

Napolitano, L. A., & Taitz, J. (2008, August). A second study to determine whether the emotional schemas mediate the relationship between mindfulness and experiential avoidance. International Congress of Cognitive Psychotherapy, Rome, Italy.

Chapter Excerpts on Mindfulness in Clinical Practice and Research

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change, Second Edition by Steven C. Hayes, Kirk D. Strosahl, and Kelly G. Wilson

The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are, Second Edition by Daniel J. Siegel

Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapies in Practice by Lizabeth Roemer and Susan M. Orsillo

Mindfulness and Acceptance: Expanding the Cognitive-Behavioral Tradition Edited by Steven C. Hayes, Victoria M. Follette, and Marsha M. Linehan

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression, Second Edition by Zindel V. Segal, J. Mark G. Williams, and John D. Teasdale

Mindfulness and the Therapeutic Relationship Edited by Steven F. Hick and Thomas Bien

Wisdom and Compassion in Psychotherapy: Deepening Mindfulness in Clinical Practice Edited by Christopher K. Germer and Ronald D. Siegel

These excerpts are posted with permission of Guilford Publications, Inc. and are subject to copyright law and restricted from further use. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission of the publisher. To obtain permission please contact Guilford Publications, Inc. at the address below or e-mail: permissions@guilford.com. These books may be ordered directly from Guilford Publishing at http://www.Guilford.com.

List of Books on Mindfulness and Compassion:

  • Bayda, E. (2008). Zen heart: Simple advice for living with mindfulness and compassion. Boston: Shambhala Publications
  • Bennett-Goleman, T. (2001). Emotional alchemy. New York: Harmony Books.
  • Brach, T. (2003). Radical acceptance: Embracing your life with the heart of a Buddha. New York: Bantam.
  • Brown, B. (1999). Soul without shame: A guide to liberating yourself from the judge within. Boston: Shambala.
  • Chödrön, P. (2005). Start where you are: How to accept yourself and others. London: Element/HarperCollins.
  • Chödrön, P. (2001). Tonglen. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Vajradhatu Publications.
  • Chödrön, P. (1997). When things fall apart: Heart advice for difficult times. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
  • Dalai Lama & Ekman, P. (2008). Emotional awareness: Overcoming the obstacles to psychological balance and compassion. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
  • Dalai Lama (2001). An open heart: Practicing compassion in everyday life. New York: Little, Brown.
  • Dalai Lama, & Cutler, H. (1998). The art of happiness: A handbook for living. New York: Riverhead Books.
  • Davidson, R., & Harrington, A. (2002). Visions of compassion: Western scientists and Tibetan Buddhists examine human nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Domar, A. & Dreher, H. (2000). Self-nurture: Learning to care for yourself as effectively as you care for everyone else. New York: Penguin Books.
  • Feldman, C. (2005). Compassion: Listening to the cries of the world. Berkeley: Rodmell Press.
  • Germer, C. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Germer, C., Siegel, R., & Fulton, P. (Eds.) (2005). Mindfulness and psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Gilbert, P. (2010). The compassionate mind: A new approach to life’s challenges. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
  • Gilbert, P. (Ed.) (2005). Compassion: Conceptualisations, research, and use in psychotherapy. London: Routledge.
  • Glaser, A. (2005). A call to compassion: Bringing Buddhist practices of the heart into the soul of psychology. Berwick, ME: Nicolas-Hays.
  • Goleman, D. (Ed.) (2003). Healing emotions: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on mindfulness, emotions, and health. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
  • Goleman, D. (2006). Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relationships. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Hanh, T. N. (1997). Teachings on love. Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press.
  • Hayes, S., Follette, V., & Linehan, M. (Eds.). (2004). Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hopkins, J. (2008). A truthful heart: Buddhist practices for connecting with others. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.
  • Ie, A., Ngnoumen, C. T., & Langer, E. J. (Eds.) (2014). Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Johanson, G. & Kurtz, R. (1991). Grace unfolding: Psychotherapy in the spirit of the Tao-te ching. Bew York: Bell Tower.
  • Kornfield, J. (2008). Wise heart: A guide to the universal teachings of Buddhist psychology. New York: Random House.
  • Kornfield, J. (2002). The art of forgiveness, lovingkindness, and peace. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Kornfield, J. (1993). A path with heart. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Kramer, G. (2007). Insight dialogue: The interpersonal path to freedom. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
  • Ladner, L. (2004). The lost art of compassion. New York:HarperCollins.
  • Linehan, M. (1993a). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Makransky, J. (2007). Awakening through love: Unveiling your deepest goodness. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
  • Neff, K. (2011). Self-compassion: Stop beating yourself up and leave insecurity behind. New York: HarperCollins.
  • Orsillo, S. M. & Roemer, L. (Eds.) (2005). Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and treatment. New York: Springer Science.
  • Roemer, L. & Orsillo, S. (2009). Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavior therapy in practice. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Rubin, T. (1975). Compassion and self-hate. New York: Touchstone.
  • Salzberg, S. (2008). The kindness handbook: A practical companion. Boulder, CO: Sounds True.
  • Salzberg, S. (1995). Lovingkindness: The revolutionary art of happiness. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
  • Shapiro, S. & Carlson, L. (2009). The art and science of mindfulness: Integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Siegel, R. (2009). The mindfulness solution: Everyday practices for everyday problems. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Williams, M., Teasdale, J., Segal, Z., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2007). The mindful way through depression. New York: The Guilford Press

List of Articles/Chapters on Mindfulness and Compassion:

  • Adams, C. E., & Leary, M. R. (2007). Promoting self-compassionate attitudes toward eating among restrictive and guilty eaters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 1120-1144.
  • Allen, N.B. & Knight, W.E.J. (2005). Mindfulness, compassion for self and compassion for others: Implications for understanding the psychopathology and treatment of depression. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, Research and Use in Psychotherapy (pp. 239-262). London: Brunner-Routledge.
  • Arch, J. J., & Craske, M. G. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness: Emotion regulation following a focused breathing induction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1849-1858.
  • Arch, J. J., & Craske, M. G. (2010). Laboratory stressors in clinically anxious and non-anxious individuals: The moderating role of mindfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 495-505.
  • Argus, G., & Thompson, M. (2008). Perceived social problem solving, perfectionism, and mindful awareness in clinical depression: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 745-757.
  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191-206.
  • Baer, R. (2010). Self-compassion as a mechanism of change in mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments. In R. Baer (Ed.). Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change. Oakland, CA: Context Press/New Harbinger Publications, 135-153.
  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45.
  • Bernstein, A., Tanay, G., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2011). Concurrent relations between mindful attention and awareness and psychopathology among trauma-exposed adults: Preliminary evidence of transdiagnostic resilience. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25, 99-113.
  • Berry, L., May, J., Andrade, J., & Kavanagh, D. (2010). Emotional and behavioral reaction to intrusive thoughts. Assessment, 17, 126-137.
  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., . . . Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241.
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., . . . Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676-688.
  • Bonn-Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Twohig, M. P., Medina, J. L., & Huggins, J. L. (2010). Posttraumatic stress symptom severity and marijuana use coping motives: A test of the mediating role of non-judgmental acceptance within a trauma-exposed community sample. Mindfulness, 1, 98-106.
  • Branstrom, R., Duncan, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2011). The association between dispositional mindfulness, psychological well-being, and perceived health in a Swedish population-based sample. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 300-316.
  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
  • Buckner, R., Andrews-Hanna, J. & Schacter, D. (2008). The brain’s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1124, 1-38.
  • Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: The Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment, 15, 204-223.
  • Carlson, L. E., & Garland, S. N. (2005). Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 278-285.
  • Carson, J. (2006). Loving-kindness meditation findings not related to baseline differences. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 24, 5-6.
  • Carson, J., Carson, K., Gil, K., & Baucom, D. (2004). Mindfulness-based relationship enhancement. Behavior Therapy, 35, 471 494.
  • Carson, J., Keefe, F., Lynch, T., Carson, K., Goli, V., Fras, A., & Thorp, S. (2005). Loving-kindness meditation for chronic low back pain. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23, 287-304.
  • Carter, C.S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendorinlogy, 23, 779-818.
  • Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 451-455.
  • Cheung, M.S.P., Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2004). An exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1143-1153.
  • Chiesa, A. & Serretti, A. (2011). Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 187, 441-453.
  • Chiesa, A. & Serretti, A. (2014). Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence. Substance Use and Misuse, 4, 492-512.
  • Craigie, M. A., Rees, C. S., Marsh, A., & Nathan, P. (2008). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary evaluation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 553-568.
  • Crocker, J. & Canevello, A. (2008). Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 555-575.
  • Cree, M. (2010). Compassion focused therapy with perinatal and mother-infant distress. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3(2), 159-171.
  • Dalrymple, K. L., & Herbert, J. D. (2007). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 31, 543-568.
  • Davidson, R. (2007, Oct.). Changing the brain by transforming the mind. The impact of compassion training on the neural systems of emotion. Paper presented at the Mind and Life Institute Conference, Investigating the Mind, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
  • Dekeyser, M., Raes, F., Leijssen, M., Leysen, S., & Dewulf, D. (2008). Mindfulness skills and interpersonal behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1235-1245.
  • Delgado, L. C., Guerra, P., Perakakis, P., Vera, M. N., del Paso, G. R., & Vila, J. (2010). Treating chronic worry: Psychological and physiological effects of a training programme based on mindfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 873-882.
  • Depue, R.A. & Morrone-Strupinsky, J.V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 313-395.
  • Eifert, G. H., & Heffner, M. (2003). The effects of acceptance versus control contexts on avoidance of panic-related symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 293-312.
  • Engstrom, M. & Soderfeldt, B. (2009). Brain activation during compassion meditation: A case study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16(5), 597-500.
  • Evans, D. R., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2011). Why do mindful people worry less? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 505-510.
  • Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., & Haglin, D. (2008). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 716-721.
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